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Tunnel War (Chinese: 地道战; pinyin: Dì dào zhàn), also known as Tunnel Warfare,^[1] is a 1965Chinese film produced before the Cultural Revolution about a small town which defends itself from the Japanese by use of a network of tunnels during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The film was directed by Ren Xudong and produced by the August First Film Studio.^[1]

Completed in 1850, it was the first major railroad tunnel in the South and the first through the Appalachian Mountains. Take the guided tour to see original drill marks made during the construction of the tunnel and see where the Civil War’s “Great Locomotive Chase” came through in 1862. The Vietnam War ended with the Fall of Saigon in 1975. It is believed that over 45,000 Vietnamese men and women died protecting the Cu Chi Tunnel system during the war. Following the war, the Vietnamese government set out to preserve the old tunnel system and today tourists can visit and tour the Cu Chi Tunnel systems. Mindblowing information about The Underground War, Happening in 2020. USA and world wide removal of evil control matrix. Light is winning. Physical plane cle.

It is considered to be one of the first movies to discuss the use of tunnels in war.^{[citation needed]}

Plot[edit]

Prologue[edit]

The movie begins with the ringing of a large bell, in Gao village, causing the villagers to all gather in the village square. They await the return of Chuanbao, the villagemilitiaSergeant, and the village elder. The twosome arrive with Chuanbao carrying the village elder on his back. The village elder explains that they were attacked by Japanese forces in the middle of a meeting and has been seriously wounded as a result. With a few parting words instructing his successor, Laozhong, to 'keep holding on', he dies.

First confrontation[edit]

The movie then cuts to a fighting scene between large numbers of Japanese and Chinese forces. Against superior firepower, the main Chinese army retreats while leaving local resistance militias in place to harass the enemy. Local villagers hide in tunnels below the surface of the village in order to escape the Japanese attackers. The Japanese seem to have some familiarity with this tactic as they search for and attempt to kill the occupants of these tunnels. The attack concludes with capture of a number of villagers and a flaming village being burnt as a result of raiding by the Japanese.

Some time afterward, Chuanbao and a few militia are shown discussing their next course of action against the Japanese. One of the soldiers complain about having 'too few people and too few weapons' but Brother Gao manages to restore the confidence of his men by rallying them for an attack. However, he is stopped by a middle aged woman, Xia Lin, who seems to hold authority over him. She tells them to meet back in the village for a village meeting.

After reading aloud On Protracted War, a strategy literature by Mao Zedong, the villagers decide to begin digging extensive tunnels beneath the village in preparation for more fighting against the Japanese.

Meanwhile, the Japanese hear of these resistance plans and plan a night raid on the village. The Japanese are almost able to sneak in completely undetected, but were accidentally discovered by Laozhong while he was outside for a stroll. Laozhong is able to ring the village bell, sounding the alarm, allowing the rest of the villagers to enter into the safety of the tunnels. The Japanese raiders surround Laozhong and the Japanese General Yamada shoots Laozhong. Before he dies, Laozhong is able to use a grenade to kill several Japanese soldiers.

The Japanese are initially unable to find anymore villagers so they begin to look for the tunnels by digging into the ground. Upon finding the tunnels, they pour water, spew smoke and potentially poison gas into the tunnels. After trying to plug up the smoke and gas, Chuanbao realizes that they can't hold out forever. In consultation with Xia Lin, he decides to go to the surface through a secret tunnel in order to draw away the Japanese. He secretly shoots at Yamada's hip, wounding him. Meanwhile, other nearby villages come to give aid by setting off fireworks which mimic the sounds of gunfire in order to intimidate the Japanese. Collaborationist Chinese Army General Binghui suggests that the Japanese retreat and Yamada grudgingly agrees.

Second confrontation[edit]

Some days later, Chuanbao is shown to be surveying the damage done to his village by the Japanese raid. Chuanbao despairs at the destruction but meets Uncle Pingyuan and is comforted by him. After conversing with Uncle Pingyuan, Chuanbao resolves to see the conflict through to the end and is advised by Pingyuan to read more of Maozedong's strategy literature. As Chuanbao reads the literature, he is inspired by a quote 'To protect yourself is to better destroy the enemy. To destroy the enemy is to better protect yourself.' He brings this concept before the rest of village and receives unanimous support. They decide to try making the tunnels into an offensive option against the Japanese soldiers instead of only using them as hiding places. Over at least one winter season, the tunnels develop defensive sophistication meant to defend against flooding, poison gas and infiltrators. Additionally, there are offensive capabilities devised in order to attack Japanese soldiers on the surface. The tunnel design is taken on by several neighboring villages. Additionally, the villagers are told that communist reinforcements are also returning to the area.

The Japanese hear of this and use the opportunity to send in spies posing as the communist reinforcements in order learn more about the tunnel defenses. The impostor reinforcements plan to gather all the local resistance leaders and then capture them all by surprise. However, before they are able to initiate the plan, Chuanbao realizes their plot. He tricks some of them to split up and enter the tunnels and kills the spies one by one in the enclosed space. During this time, the real Communist forces arrive and apprehend the remaining spies. Japanese troops arrive to facilitate the capture, but are swiftly repelled by the Communist's reinforcement regiment. With all the major elements of the Chinese forces present, the Chinese forces prepare for an imminent counterattack by the Japanese. The ensuing engagement between 300 Japanese forces and local militia result in a total victory for the Chinese. Initially, the Chinese militia are overwhelmed by Japanese artillery, but the Japanese infantry take heavy casualties when trying to finally take the village and are forced to retreat.

Final confrontation[edit]

In the aftermath of the previous victory, the militia continue expanding the tunnel network. They begin to expand outside the village and eventually reach the vicinity of the Japanese villages; all the resistance villages are also interconnected. Chuanbao makes a joke about 'undermining' the entire Japanese base. Meanwhile, the Japanese forces have fortified and reinforced their base positions making direct assault by the Chinese forces extremely difficult. The Chinese try to draw out the dug in Japanese with a diversionary attack on a lesser defended base. However, General Yamada of the Japanese sees through the plot and, hoping they'll score an easy victory at the village, directly attack the militia village,

The communist command realizes the Japanese plan, but is confident that the forces stationed in the village are sufficient for defense. They instead use the absence of the Japanese main force as an opportunity to assault the previously fortified Japanese base. In preparation for the inevitable Japanese retreat, the Chinese prepared troops to ambush the Japanese on the way. In the tunnels beneath the Japanese base, the Chinese militia place explosives to take out key defensive positions. With preparations complete, the primary Chinese army commences with the assault. As predicted, the Japanese main force begins to retreat upon hearing of the Chinese assault and are caught directly in the ambush in the open fields. Hundreds of armed Chinese militia are shown to be attacking the surprised Japanese forces. By the end, General Yamada is shown to be trapped in a brick kiln. Surrounded by Chinese forces and all alone, it is implied that the Japanese forces have been completely routed. The movie concludes with a festive celebration by the victorious Chinese.

Casting[edit]

• Village Elder Successor; Character Name: Laozhong Gao (高老忠); Played by Bingyu Wang (王炳彧)
• Main Protagonist; Character Name: Chuanbao Gao (高传宝); Played by Longguang Zhu (朱龙广)
• Communist Lieutenant; Character Name: Uncle Pingyuan Zhao (赵平原); Played by Yongshou Zhang (张勇手)
• Main Female Protagonist; Character Name: Xia Lin (林霞); Played by Xiujie Liu (刘秀杰)
• Japanese General; Character Name: Yamada (山田); Played by Xiaozhong Wang (王孝忠)
• Chinese Collaborative Forces Commander; Character Name: Binghui Tang (汤丙会); Played by Jiang Liu (刘江)

Production[edit]

Reception and release[edit]

While the film was popular upon its release in 1965, its popularity would not peak until nearly a decade later, when it became of one of the 'Three Old Fights' (Chinese: 老三戰; pinyin: Lǎo sān zhàn), a collection of three war films from pre-1966 that nevertheless were given wide circulation during the Cultural Revolution—the other two films were Mine Warfare (1962) and Fighting North and South (1952).^[2]

In contrast, some 600 other films made between 1952 and 1966 were banned by the Communist authorities during the social upheaval of the 1970s.^[3]

See also[edit]

• Tunnel Warfare (地道战), a 2009 film

Notes[edit]

1. ^ ^abZhang & Xiao,^[who?] p. 343.^[where?]
2. ^Clark,^[who?] p. 150.^[where?]
3. ^Clark, p. 149.

Tunnel Warfare To Save Children

External links[edit]

• Di dao zhan on IMDb

“When you descend, it should feel like you have been transported to a 1940s military facility,” says architect Joel Vivero Rico, describing his restoration plans for the secret tunnel General Douglas MacArthur ordered built 75 years ago in Fort McKinley, now part of Bonifacio Global City. Owned by the Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA), the tunnel will be converted into a museum, with the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA) funding the adaptive restoration effort, and the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) funding the museum content.

“There will be over 20 galleries, including a war room, a map room, a communications room, an ammunitions room, and an office for MacArthur. Aside from the period military equipment and fixtures, music from the early 1940s, as well as recordings of MacArthur addressing the troops, will be playing in the background, interrupted by radio communications and the rumble of distant bombing. We’re even thinking of bits of grit falling from the tunnel ceiling when the bomb blast sounds like it is directly overhead. We want it to be authentic and fully experiential.”

There are conflicting histories of the tunnel. Some say the excavation started in 1941, others say 1936, and others still, insist the digging started much earlier. Rico spent over a year burrowing into the tunnel’s provenance and history, poring through books, journals, reports, and documents about World War II, including unpublished memoirs of officers and men who took part in digging the tunnel. What follows is Rico’s account, which he hopes will come to life when visitors experience the once secret, subterranean passageway. Panasonic universal remote eur7662y30 manual.

READ MORE: Digiscript’s High-Tech 3D Scans of Philippine Heritage

Fort William McKinley

After the Philippine-American War in 1898, the US forces established their army headquarters amidst the vast lands of Macati, along the banks of the Pasig River. Administered by Gen. Leonard Wood in 1907, it was named in honor of the president of the United States of America. By the 1920s, Fort McKinley housed the US Army headquarters and barracks, a hospital, a bakery, a post exchange, a chapel, a luxuriously appointed officers’ clubhouse, recreational facilities, a polo field, and more. Some of the troops based in the camp were members of the Philippine Scouts, and they lived in the area known today as EMBO, or Enlisted Men’s Barrio.

In early 1941, news of the growth in military power of the Japanese Imperial Army led General Douglas MacArthur, commanding general of the US Forces based in Fort McKinley, to order the construction of an air warning service tunnel at the back of the US Army Commanding General Headquarters. He wanted it to house a communications and command center that would serve as the unseen central defense of Philippine skies. The idea was spies and coast watchers in various parts of the country would spot incoming Japanese planes and track their locations continuously, while relaying the information to the underground HQ via radar sets.

Sakura Heiei

War broke out, however, on December 7, 1941, with the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The American were caught flatfooted, and within a month, Japanese forces occupied Manila, taking over Fort McKinley on the evening of January 2, 1942. Under Japanese command, the base was renamed Sakura Heiei (Cherry Blossom Barracks). The tunnel was enlarged to hold barracks and store artillery ammunition supplies, with entrances and exits added for easier access. In 1944, Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi, who led the Japanese Naval Defense Force in Manila, moved his command center to the tunnel. On February 3, 1945, American and Filipino forces descended upon Manila from different directions, and for one month, in what is now known as the Battle of Manila, engaged the Japanese in the most destructive and bloody urban combat to take place in the Pacific theater of war. According to unconfirmed reports, Japanese officers, along with an entire regiment of soldiers inside the tunnel, survived the ferocious bombing by Americans of Manila and surrounding military installations. However, it was in the tunnel they would meet with fiery deaths, torched by Americans who knew of its existence.

Fort Andres Bonifacio

On July 24, 1949, the American government officially turned over the fort complex to the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The AFP initially planned to use McKinley as their HQ, which they later established as Camp Aguinaldo in Quezon City, instead. On June 19, 1965, by Republic Act 4443, Fort McKinley was renamed after the revolutionary leader and first (though unofficial) president of the Philippines, Andres Bonifacio. It became the headquarters of the Philippine Army Command and Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC). Portions of the camp became the bases of the Philippine Navy, the Joint US Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG), and the Philippine Marine Corps. A portion was allocated to the AFP Veterans Housing Projects, while sections were set apart for the US War Cemetery and Libingan ng mga Bayani. In the mid-1970s, Major General Fortunato Abat, Commanding General of the Philippine Army, ordered the cementing and rehabilitation of part of the tunnel by the 51st Engineering Brigade.

In the 1980s, Major General Mariano Adalem ordered the conversion of the old US Army Commanding General Headquarters into the Philippine Army Museum and Library, with the tunnel as an integral part of the museum experience. The museum and the tunnel were inaugurated in 1989, with the defense press corps as the first group of visitors.

During the attempted 1986 military uprising against the dictator president Ferdinand Marcos, the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM), led by Army Col. Gregorio Honasan, used the tunnel as their barracks and command post between January to February 1986. The revolt was coopted when hundreds of thousands of civilians converged at Camps Crame and Aguinaldo to protect the rebel soldiers from being attacked by forces loyal to Marcos, and thus the peaceful People Power Revolution led to the ouster of the dictator.

Bonifacio Global City (BGC)

In 1995, president Fidel Ramos signed Republic Act 7227, creating the Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA) to oversee the transformation of military bases to civilian use. Subsequently, the area formerly known as Fort McKinley, Sakura Heiei, and Fort Bonifacio became known as Bonifacio Global City—a progressive and modern mixed-use complex of office, commercial, and residential buildings, run by the consortium led by Metro Pacific called Bonifacio Land Development Corporation. Parts of the old fort areas, however, are still maintained by the AFP.

In 2013, the BCDA, AFP, NHCP and National Museum of the Philippines signed an MOU to restore and reuse the Bonifacio War Tunnel as a museum for the 21st century. The project was opened to bidding, and in 2015, BCDA president Ariel Casanova named Philipp’s Technical Consultants Corporation (PTCC) as the winning contractor. Among the consultants PTCC brought in for the initial phase of the project were Digiscript, specialists in digital mapping to survey every square inch of the tunnel, and architect Joel Rico, to serve as restoration architect and design the museum experience.

Back to the present

Just going down the 76 steps to reach the first tunnel 17.47 meters below ground level is an experience in itself. The 42-degree slope appears steeper than it is. In the absence of handrails, with only flashlights to help us see our way (vandals had stripped away everything they could), and with the treads slick from three days of heavy rain prior to our visit, we made our way down slowly, cautiously, and at a crouch, for fear of toppling headlong down the stairs.

No doubt the stairs will be easier to navigate when repaired, but it will still be potentially hazardous as there are only two landings to break a fall—one at 2.73 meters below ground level, and the other at 13.05 meters.

Using the stairs as the entrance to the museum presents another problem, which is managing the flow of people touring the tunnel. The stairway divides the tunnel into two parts. Descending the stairs and turning right takes you to the section of the tunnel dug by the Americans, about 230 meters long, with 11 chambers. Turning left from the stairway takes you to another flight of steps going down 3 meters, to the tunnel dug by the Japanese, which is about four times as long as the American side, and has 19 chambers.

Tunnel Warfare Movie

On average, the tunnel width is 3 meters, with portions only 2.2 meters wide. In order to see all the exhibits in the different chambers, visitors would have to retrace their steps after seeing the American side, cross over to the Japanese segment of the tunnel, and then double back towards the stairs, where they will climb the 76 steps back up to the present time.

A more practical option would be for visitors to enter from one end of the tunnel and to exit at the other end. They could enter the American tunnel at an opening along 27th Avenue in Barangay East Rembo, Taguig, and then exit from the Japanese tunnel near Morning Glory Street in Barangay Pembo. The sticking point, Rico says, is Barangay Pembo is not under the jurisdiction of the BCDA or of Taguig City, but Makati City. The situation, he says, calls into question the authority of the BCDA to develop property that doesn’t belong to it. Surely the authorities can negotiate an equitable arrangement with Pembo. The barangay is a depressed area that stands to benefit, not only from the sprucing up of the surrounds for the sake of the museum goers exiting the tunnel but also from the sale of souvenirs and refreshments to the visitors. It is hoped that under the newly installed administration of Rodrigo Duterte, and whoever he appoints as the new BCDA president, the politicking and territorial dispute will come to a end and reason will prevail.

That said, it is unlikely the BCDA, TIEZA and NHCP will forego the stairway as the museum’s main entrance—the dramatic descent is the most memorable part of the tunnel experience. According to Rico, when the BCDA had the tunnel restoration bid out, there wasn’t much of a brief to go on. “They knew little about the tunnel; it was up to us to propose how to fix it and what to put in it.” They were clear baout one requirement, though: that there should be an iconic structure atop the tunnel stairway to serve as a war memorial and mark the entrance to
the museum.

Civil War Tunnel Explosion

The would-be location of the iconic structure is awkward and inaccessible, however. It is the tiny triangular plot of land wedged between the two branches of 32nd Street as it splits then merges with Carlos P. Garcia Avenue (or C5). Because the plot is bound on all three sides by busy streets with fast moving vehicles, Rico’s solution is for people to access the war memorial structure via a footbridge from the top of the five-storey parking building of Market! Market!

Quotes About Tunnel War

According to Rico, based on his, Digiscript’s and PTCC’s study and plan of action, the restoration, museum design, and iconic structure could be completed in two years’ time. As far as he knows, the BCDA gave the greenlight for the “other necessary requirements” in early 2016, and funding from TIEZA is available. What are we waiting for?

Much more important than the museum project seeing the light of day is getting the tunnel complex to be recognized and protected as a site of historical significance. There are conflicting reports regarding the tunnel’s original length. Some say it was 2.4 kilometers long. Others say it was only 1.5. We would all know its full length, and the tunnel would have been in much better condition today if the government had given the Philippine Army Museum and the tunnel, inaugurated by General Adalem back in 1989, its due respect. What we know for sure is that much of the tunnel has been destroyed by the construction boom in the BGC of the past two decades. (Who knows what else was destroyed by the development of Makati City?) According to the BCDA, only 730 meters of the original tunnel “remain unaffected by the development of Fort Bonifacio as of 2013.” As with much of our natural and built heritage, this grievous loss was caused by tunnel vision. In the wheeling and dealing to create and develop Bonifacio Global City, the sellers, buyers and middlemen focused on the single goal of making money, to the exclusion of conserving our inheritance—the nation’s treasure now destroyed and buried forever.

This story first appeared in BluPrint Volume 4, 2016. Edits were made for Bluprint.ph.